e first time in modern history. According to the Italian government, there were 4,570,317 foreign

higher than that of most Western European countries. However the distribution of the population is widely uneven. The most densely populated areas are the Po Valley (that accounts for almost a half of the national population) and the metropolitan areas of Rome and Naples, while vast regions such as the Alps and Apennines highlands, the plateaus of Basilicata and the island of Sardinia are very sparsely populated.
The population of Italy almost doubled during the 20th century, but the pattern of growth was extremely uneven because of large-scale internal migration from the rural South to the industrial cities of the North, a phenomenon which happened as a consequence of the Italian economic miracle of the 1950–1960s. In addition, after centuries of net emigration, from the 1980s Italy has experienced large-scale immigration for the first time in modern history. According to the Italian government, there were 4,570,317 foreign residents in Italy as of January 2011.[136]
High fertility and birth rates persisted until the 1970s, after which they start to dramatically decline, leading to rapid population aging. At the end of the 2000s (decade), one in five Italians was over 65 years old.[137] However, thanks mainly to the massive immigration of the last two decades, in recent years Italy experienced a significant growth in birth rates.[138] The total fertility rate has also climbed from an all-time low of 1.18 children per woman in 1995 to 1.41 in 2008.[139] The TFR is expected to reach 1.6 - 1.8 in 2030.[140]

v t e Largest cities or towns of Italy
ISTAT estimates for 31 October 2012
Rank    Name    Region    Pop.    Rank    Name    Region    Pop.   
Rome
Rome
Milan
Milan    1    Rome    Lazio    2,641,930    11    Venice    Veneto    259,771    Naples
Naples
Turin
Turin
2    Milan    Lombardy    1,245,956    12    Verona    Veneto    252,240
3    Naples    Campania    960,521    13    Messina    Sicily    242,018
4    Turin    Piedmont    872,158    14    Padua    Veneto    204,656
5    Palermo    Sicily    655,604    15    Trieste    Friuli-Venezia Giulia    201,195
6    Genoa    Liguria    583,089    16    Taranto    Apulia